Tag Archive for: device tree

Some of the Highlights from Linux Plumbers Conference 2023

/in /by

In November, Konsulko Group Principal Software Engineer Denys Dmytriyenko attended The Linux Plumbers Conference (LPC), a developer conference for the open source community, held this year in Richmond, Virginia. Here is his report on the highlights of the conference.

LPC brings together the top developers working on the “plumbing” of Linux – kernel subsystems, core libraries, windowing systems, etc. – and gives them three days to work together on core design problems. The conference is divided into several working sessions focusing on different “plumbing” topics, as well as a general paper track.

Usually there are several main tracks and many Microconferences all fit into 3 days. And this year the list included Refereed Track, Kernel Summit, Toolchains Track and BoF. As well as Microconferences on Kernel Testing & Dependability, Real-time and Scheduling, RISC-V, Compute Express Link, Containers and Checkpoint/Restore, Android, Build Systems, Linux Kernel Debugging, KVM, Confidential Computing, Power Management and Thermal Control, Tracing, VFIO/IOMMU/PCI, Live Patching, Rust and Internet of Things.

Due to the number of parallel tracks and Microconferences with a high number of interesting topics, it’s quite impossible to attend all the talks one would like.

Here are just a few that I was able to attend.

Resolve and standardize early access to hardware for automotive industry with Linux

Khasim Syed Mohammed, Texas Instruments

SoC manufacturers are adopting heterogeneous architectures, using MCU cores for safety-critical tasks with RTOS and MPU running Linux for general purpose. Key use cases in the automotive industry, such as quick boot times, early display response, and predictable access to hardware, pose challenges for Linux-based systems. The current solutions of employing heterogeneous processors lack scalability, standardization, and Linux friendliness.

Khasim explored the specific challenges faced by the automotive industry and the existing solutions, addressing the standardization of “Linux late attach” with heterogeneous SoCs. He invited collaboration between automotive OEMs, SoC manufacturers, and Linux kernel/user space maintainers to establish “Linux automotive” standards, enhance the Linux kernel and drivers to meet performance requirements.

Securing build platforms

Joshua Lock, Verizon

Historically, Open Source Software was always built on trust – you trusted the sources, the recipe, the builder to produce the resulting artifacts for a given distro that many use. But with a growing number of attacks on the software supply chain, securing build platforms and providing a verifiable way to link packages back to their sources, as well as specific build instructions used to package and publish them, is becoming very important these days.

Joshua listed several of the big and famous recent supply chain attacks and talked about build provenance being adopted by different players in this field to battle such attacks. He then delved into adoption of the Supply-chain Levels for Software Artifacts, or SLSA (“salsa”) architecture in the Yocto Project and its Autobuilder CI framework – generating provenance during the build as L1 level requirement and signing said provenance at L2 level. While this definitely helps with detecting such attacks, fully securing the software supply chain needs more work.

Improving UAPI Compatibility Review with Automated Tooling

John Moon, Qualcomm

Preserving Linux Userspace API (UAPI) compatibility has been crucial for enabling smooth kernel upgrades without breaking userspace programs. Traditionally, kernel devs relied on code review and testing to catch UAPI-breaking changes.

John showed a new tool they developed at Qualcomm that uses libabigail, letting developers analyze patches for UAPI issues before executing them. This tool could integrate into build systems like OpenEmbedded and the Yocto Project, providing immediate feedback and solidifying the kernel’s UAPI stability policy.

The talk also delved into other interfaces like sysfs and module parameters. However, since libabigail can’t analyze these interfaces directly due to the lack of a clean C API, a couple proposals were presented and sparked a lively discussion with Greg KH and other attendees.

kernel: build system outputs and workflows (and how to balance them)

Bruce Ashfield, AMD

Bruce talked about all the complexities around maintaining and building the Linux kernel in OpenEmbedded and the Yocto Project. All the various inputs, such as vendor BSPs vs. upstream mainline kernel, latest version vs. LTS, different patches, configurations, policies, etc. It gets complicated by additional product requirements, like reproducibility, flexibility, maintenance and support, build speed and so on. And the variety of output end results only adds overhead, when one has to deal with kernel images, modules, DTBs, firmware images, binary packages, debug information, licensing, SBoM manifests, CVE reports, boot components, containers and VMs, SDKs, libc headers, etc. It also differs a bit based on the persona or workflow of one’s building the kernel – developer (kernel vs. userspace), integrator, distributor, contributor or a release engineer.

Trying to keep everyone happy at the same time is almost impossible. Still, linux-yocto, the reference kernel in OpenEmbedded-Core, tries to cover most of the bases and solve as many of the outlined challenges. Bruce talked a bit more about how he maintains linux-yocto, how things are improving over time, where we are heading and opened the floor to discussion.

How big of a problem are Un-upstreamed patches?

Jon Mason, ARM

Build Systems and Distros accumulate local changes against individual components in the form of patches that either fix newly found issues or customize component’s behavior to suit their own requirements. How should those patches be handled and what to do with them? Upstreaming them to be integrated into the future releases of corresponding components is, of course, the best approach. What if it’s not possible or doesn’t happen for other reasons? Is there any structure or process for that? Jon looked at these problems and tried answering the questions from the perspective of the Yocto Project, Buildroot, Debian and other distros.

Building for Heterogeneous Systems

Alejandro Hernandez Samaniego, Microsoft

Heterogeneous systems are widely used in embedded products for better performance, safety, etc. While using different operating systems on various core architectures in a single device is beneficial, each OS has unique dependencies and developer workflows. To optimize development, a single build system should be able to cross-compile different OSs for different architectures simultaneously and Bitbake offers this through its multiconfig feature. Unifying the developer workflow and enhancing the usability of features like multiconfig would significantly improve teams efforts in creating new products.

Alejandro went over examples of setting up multiconfig in the Yocto Project for building bare metal and/or RTOS components along with the general purpose LInux system and integrating final results into a single filesystem image. At the end we discussed some of the remaining challenges and open defects with some of the aspects of multiconfig, like separating temp directories, SDK coverage, etc.

A kernel documentation update

Jonathan Corbet, LWN.net

Jonathan provided an update on the recent changes in the Linux kernel documentation – restructuring of architecture-specific docs, new Rust documentation, added new translations, new theme for HTML-rendered pages, texinfo support, lots of new docs were added, rework of the top-level index.rst, etc. He also commented on some of the future plans, such as reworking of device-related docs, which are now spanned across 31 subdirectories, and adding more structure to the rest of areas in the documentation.

A lively debate was sparked around plain text vs. HTML and format of the docs in general, e.g. plain text is still preferred by some kernel maintainers over HTML, but adding RST markup to the input text files makes them less readable. Sphinx and tooling were then discussed, build-time improvements, support for partial builds to speed things up, etc.

Embedded Linux BoF

Tim Bird, Sony

Tim led an open discussion session covering different aspects of embedded Linux, such as Architectures, Bootloaders, Boot time, Filesystems, Networking, Security, Testing, Tools, Toolchains, Tracing, System Size and Build Tools and Distros. He mentioned latest updates to U-boot, referenced earlier talk by Khasim on reducing boot time by offloading some tasks to MCUs and deferring non-critical device probing to later time in user-space.

For size reduction he listed removal of SLOB and planned removal of SLAB. But as Arnd Bergmann, kernel developer and arm-soc tree maintainer commented, system size may no longer be relevant, as memory becomes cheaper and ARM manufacturers actively switching from 32-bit to 64-bit solutions, while small footprint systems are relegated to Zephyr. On the other hand, nolibc allows building very small statically-linked binaries for Linux.

Finishing up with closing remarks about the Embedded Linux Community with shoutouts for mailing lists, different Organizations and Projects operating in this field, popular upcoming events and the state of eLinux wiki losing its funding soon.

Zephyr Retro-and-Prospective: Project Growth, Long Term Support, and Linux Interoperability

Chris Friedt, Meta

Chris’ lightning talk quickly went over Zephyr’s brief, but very rich and rapidly-changing history. Added new architectures, 64-bit support, new protocols, new boards, Device Tree API, TF-M, LLVM and other toolchains, Power Management, USB-C/PD, DSP subsystem and many more features and improvements. Many bugs were fixed, new maintainers and contributors joined. All in all Zephyr enjoyed tremendous growth in recent years.

Challenges in Device Tree Sync – kernel, Zephyr, U-boot, System DT

Nishanth Menon, Texas Instruments

These days Device Tree is commonly used to describe the hardware in different ecosystems, such as Linux kernel, U-boot and Zephyr. But each ecosystem has its own goals and limitations and along with limited standardization of Device Tree description of hardware that results in very different user/developer experiences and challenges keeping them in sync.

With a BeaglePlay board using TI AM625 heterogeneous SoC, Nishanth was hoping to blink one LED from A53 core running Linux and blink another LED from M4F core running Zephyr, all described by the same Device Tree. But it wasn’t as simple – he showed examples of different Device Trees describing the same hardware from the perspective of Linux kernel, U-boot bootloader and Zephyr RTOS. The Linux kernel has A53-centric view, while U-boot also focuses on R5F core taking care of the initial boot, along with binman and bootph specifics, where Zephyr diverges from both of them due to its focus on performance and resource constraints, utilizing C headers generated from the Device Tree.

There are some other differences between ecosystems using Device Tree, such as licensing, bindings, firmware usage and tooling. But one of the proposed solutions to unify the above inconsistencies was a lopper tool and the use of a common/canonical System Device Tree with personality overlays that produces required device-specific views.

YAML and Devicetree

/in , /by

Introduction

This document attempts to explain the rationale behind using a YAML based data model instead of the standard devicetree source (DTS). It assumes a working knowledge of devicetree, so readers are expected to have perused the devicetree specification located here.

Devicetree and its underlying concepts

While device tree deals with describing hardware devices, at its core it is a method of declaring a hierarchical structure as defined in the Devicetree Specification:

“A devicetree is a tree data structure with nodes that describe the devices in a system. Each node has property/value pairs that describe the characteristics of the device being represented. Each node has exactly one parent except for the root node, which has no parent.”

This structure is familiar to anyone with a passing knowledge of programming languages with rich data structures: nodes can be hashes keyed by their name, properties can be either scalars or sequences of scalars, and labels of nodes and phandles can be references/pointers.

Unfortunately, device tree is not orthogonal enough for this mapping to work. Namely, properties are irregular in the following ways:

  1. Boolean values cannot be part of a sequence, since a named property is defined as false if it doesn’t exist in a node and as true otherwise.
  2. Phandles are encoded as integer (cell) scalar values and are allowed in any property that contains cell values.
  3. While properties are defined either as a single value or a sequence of values, their type information is thrown away. The importance of this is that the property accessors must have an out-of-band way to be informed of the type(s) used in the property, i.e. property type information is not discoverable.

Lifecycle of a Devicetree.

The purpose of the device tree is (or at least was until recently) to be provided to an operating system at boot time. This was done by the following steps.

  1. Device Tree source files (DTS) are processed by a compiler to generate an in-memory tree structure. This structure is dynamically created at compile time by editing operations of the the compile tree sources which are:
    • Device tree sources are usually now pre-processed using the C proprocessor, but the built-in source include directive is still supported. Note that mixing them is permitted although it can lead to the unexpected behaviour of the base source file being preprocessed while the included one is not.
    • Declaration of a device node results in the creation of new in-memory device node if it doesn’t exist, or reusing it if it does.
    • Declaration of a property results in the creation of a new in-memory property containing the new property values if it doesn’t exist or replacing it if it does.
    • Node and property removal directives remove nodes and properties of the runtime tree structure as appropriate.
    • Node labels and references to them in properties are tracked. Note that references are the only scalar values that are tracked in the in-memory property data structure.
    • phandle references editing operations of the form ‘&label’ & ‘&{/path}’ are processed. These reference nodes with labels declared earlier in the main tree source. This form is typically used when compiling a device tree comprised of a main source file and a number of included files because it lends well to the a pattern of incremental change.
    • The special /memreserve/ directive is parsed and processed.
  2. The in-memory tree structure is ‘flattened’, i.e. it is serialized to create a device tree blob (DTB). It is in this stage that the symbolic references to node labels are resolved to integer/cell phandle values, with references to them being replaced by a cell value of the node’s phandle. Special ‘automatic’ properties (named phandle) containing the assigned phandle values are created for nodes that are referenced.
  3. This device tree blob file is placed in the applicable device and the bootloader is informed about how to retrieve it. This may be done by placing it in non-volatile storage at a specific byte offset, or being put in a boot-loader accesible filesystem with a specific name, etc.
  4. The bootloader starts, retrieves the device tree blob, and either passes it unchanged to the operating system or performs minor modification (i.e. altering the boot command line in the chosen node or enabling/disabling devices by modifying the status properties of some nodes). The bootloader typically does not create an in-memory tree structure at this step, it operates on the DTB blob level.
  5. The operating system starts and ‘unflattens’ the device tree blob which the bootloader has passed to it using the agreed upon architecture specific interface. The in-memory tree structure created is the same as the one created at the end of the compilation step, but with any changes that the boot-loader performed. The kernel at this point starts using the in-memory data structure, and it is referred to as the live-tree going forward. Note that while node phandles are discovered and tracked by the ‘phandle’ properties, their references cannot be deduced at this time.
  6. The operating system (including any device drivers) scans the live-tree and performs initialization and configuration of the hardware described there. Note that the operating system must have complete knowledge of the nodes and properties of an active node. This is evident by the use of access methods that include type information (e.g. of_property_read_u32() ), node references needing to be explicitly discovered by converting cell phandle value to a reference to a node, etc. Unfortunately, this is very error-prone since the type information has been discarded. There is no way to disallow access to a property using a different method than what was declared in the original source file.

The steps above are applicable to the simple case of a single platform, and up to a few years ago used to be the norm. In contemporary systems the situation is more complex for the following reasons:

  1. A common requirement is for a single image to be used for a number of different (but sufficiently similar) platforms. The number of stored DTBs would match the number of supported platforms, even if their changes are minimal.
  2. Hardware is no longer static. The proliferation of FPGAs and add-on expansion boards requires runtime device tree modification using device tree overlays. Those overlays are extremely similar to the way in-memory tree modification is performed at compile time but it is different in subtle ways.
  3. The device tree lifecycle expects perfect coordination across all the steps without the possibility of errors. This is troublesome in practice since every step in the sequence is part of a different project (compiler, bootloader, operating system). Errors can easily creep in and are usually not detected until the last step of the sequence, the operating system boot process. In case of an error, the result is usually a hung system without any indication what might have gone wrong.

YAML as a source format alternative

YAML is a human-readable data serialization language which is expressive enough to cover all DTS features. Simple YAML files are just key-value pairs that are very easy to parse, even without using a formal YAML parser. YAML streams are containing documents separated with a — marker. This model is a good fit for device tree since one may simply append a few lines of text to a given YAML stream to modify it.

YAML parsers are very mature, as YAML was first released in 2001. It is currently in wide-spread use and schema validation tools are available and common. Additionally, YAML support is available for many major programming languages.

Mapping of DTS constructs to YAML

The mapping of DTS constructs to YAML is relatively straightforward since they are both key-value declaration languages.

  • Comments in YAML are done using the # character instead of the C-like comments that DTS uses.
/* dts comment */

# YAML comment
  • DTS is a free form language using braces for denoting nest level while YAML is indentation sensitive in standard YAML encoding. Fortunately YAML is a superset of JSON which can be used as a valid free form.
node {
   property = "foo";
}

node:
  property: "foo"

{ "node": { "property": "foo" } }
  • There is no explict root in YAML encoding. Top level nodes & properties are taken to be located in the root.
/ {
    property;
    subnode {
       another-property;
    };
};

property: true
  subnode:
    another-property: true
  • Sequences in YAML may be denoted either by a single line starting with a hyphen ‘-‘, or bracketed JSON form. The following are equivalent.
property = "a", "b", "c";

property:
  - "a"
  - "b"
  - "c"

property: [ "a", "b", "c" ]
  • Values that may be evaluated as numeric scalars are used as cells.
property = <10>;

property: 10

Note that this includes integer expressions as well

property = <(5 + 5)>;

property: 5+5
  • String property values are enclosed in double quotes, although this is optional if the value cannot be expressed as a numeric scalar.
property = "string";

property: "string"
  • Boolean values are encoded as true and false. This is not implicit like in DTS.
property;

property: true

Note that it is possible to declare a property as false but you will get a warning about it being removed when generating the DTB.

property: false
  • It is possible to explictly declare the type of a scalar using the standard ‘!’ method of YAML. For instance this is how byte properties are supported.
property = [0124AB];

property: !int8 [ 0x01, 0x24, 0xab ]
  • Similarly the /bits/ directive is supported by explicit tagging.
property = /bits/ 64 <100>;

property: !int64 100
  • Labels are named anchors and are referenced by a ‘*’. Note that references are typed as such in YAML, they are transformed to phandle cells only on DTB generation.
label: node {
   property;
};

ref = <&label>;

&label {
    foo;
};

node: &label
  property: true

ref: *label

*label:
  foo: true
  • The delete node and properties directives are replaced with assignment to null/~. It works the same for both properties and nodes.

/ {
    node {
        property;
    };
};

/ {
    /delete-node/ node;
};

node:
  property: true

node: ~
  • There is no source /include/ directive in YAML. It is expected that thet C preprocessor will be used as is the norm with DTS.
  • Similarly there is no /include-bin/ directive, YAML can relatively easily include binary data as base64 string properties.
  • To easily support pre-processor macros from a DTS environment, scalars that are detected to be space separated integer expressions are transparently converted to scalar integer sequences.
#define MACRO(x, y) x y (x + y)
property = ;

#define MACRO(x, y) x y (x + y)
property: MACRO(10, 5)

Will result in

property: [ 10, 5, 15 ]

The YAML advantage

Radical changes are seldom worth it without bringing in significant benefits. Switching to YAML instead of DTS is indeed a radical change, but it does carry benefits, namely:

  1. YAML is a well known and mature technology which is supported by many programming languages and environments.
  2. YAML’s original purpose was data serialization. Therefore it is orthogonal and supports high-level language data structures well.
  3. It is suited for the description of graph structures, since it supports references and anchors.
  4. With its mature parsers and tools, it easily supports the human edit and compile cycle that is now common with device tree development. Since all property values are potentially typed, it is possible to track type information in order to perform thorough validation and checking against device tree bindings (once the bindings are converted to a machine readable format, preferably YAML). As well, this allows the reporting of accurate error messages and warnings at any stage of the compilation process.
  5. It is possible to generate YAML as an intermediate format with references not resolved, in a similar way that object files are used. Those intermediate files can them be compiled/linked again to generate the final DTB/YAML file. For example, instead of compiling into a single output file, one could generate intermediate YAML files, similar in every way to device tree overlays, and then perform the final ‘linking’ step at either compile time or the bootloader.
  6. It is relatively easy to parse, and a resource limited parser that can be included in bootloaders or the kernel is possible.
  7. Data in YAML can easily be converted to and from other formats making it convertable to formats which future tools may understand.

The yamldt compiler

yamldt is a YAML/DTS to DT blob generator/compiler and validator. The YAML schema is functionally equivalent to DTS and supports all DTS features, while as a DTS compiler it is bit-exact compatible with DTC. yamldt parses a device tree description (source) file in YAML/DTS format and outputs a device tree blob (which can be bit-exact to the one generated from the reference dtc compiler if the -C option is used).

Validation is performed against a YAML schema that defines properties and constraints. A checker uses this schema to generate small code fragments that are compiled to eBPF and executed for the specific validation of each DT node the rule selects in the output tree.

Validation

As mentioned above, yamldt is capable of performing validation of DT constructs using a C-based eBPF checker. eBPF code fragments are assembled that can perform type checking of properties and enforce arbitrary value constraints while fully supporting inheritance.

As an example, here’s how the validation of a given fragment works using on a jedec,spi-nor node:

m25p80@0:
  compatible: "s25fl256s1"
  spi-max-frequency: 76800000
  reg: 0
  spi-tx-bus-width: 1
  spi-rx-bus-width: 4
  "#address-cells": 1
  "#size-cells": 1

The binding for this is:

%YAML 1.1
---
jedec,spi-nor:
  version: 1

  title: >
    SPI NOR flash: ST M25Pxx (and similar) serial flash chips

  maintainer:
    name: Unknown

  inherits: *spi-slave

  properties:
    reg:
      category: required
      type: int
      description: chip select address of device

    compatible: &jedec-spi-nor-compatible
      category: required
      type: strseq
      description: >
        May include a device-specific string consisting of the
        manufacturer and name of the chip. A list of supported chip
        names follows.
        Must also include "jedec,spi-nor" for any SPI NOR flash that can
        be identified by the JEDEC READ ID opcode (0x9F).
      constraint: |
        anystreq(v, "at25df321a") ||
        anystreq(v,  "at25df641") ||
        anystreq(v, "at26df081a") ||
        anystreq(v,   "mr25h256") ||
        anystreq(v,    "mr25h10") ||
        anystreq(v,    "mr25h40") ||
        anystreq(v, "mx25l4005a") ||
        anystreq(v, "mx25l1606e") ||
        anystreq(v, "mx25l6405d") ||
        anystreq(v,"mx25l12805d") ||
        anystreq(v,"mx25l25635e") ||
        anystreq(v,    "n25q064") ||
        anystreq(v, "n25q128a11") ||
        anystreq(v, "n25q128a13") ||
        anystreq(v,   "n25q512a") ||
        anystreq(v, "s25fl256s1") ||
        anystreq(v,  "s25fl512s") ||
        anystreq(v, "s25sl12801") ||
        anystreq(v,  "s25fl008k") ||
        anystreq(v,  "s25fl064k") ||
        anystreq(v,"sst25vf040b") ||
        anystreq(v,     "m25p40") ||
        anystreq(v,     "m25p80") ||
        anystreq(v,     "m25p16") ||
        anystreq(v,     "m25p32") ||
        anystreq(v,     "m25p64") ||
        anystreq(v,    "m25p128") ||
        anystreq(v,     "w25x80") ||
        anystreq(v,     "w25x32") ||
        anystreq(v,     "w25q32") ||
        anystreq(v,     "w25q64") ||
        anystreq(v,   "w25q32dw") ||
        anystreq(v,   "w25q80bl") ||
        anystreq(v,    "w25q128") ||
        anystreq(v,    "w25q256")

    spi-max-frequency:
      category: required
      type: int
      description: Maximum frequency of the SPI bus the chip can operate at
      constraint: |
        v > 0 && v < 100000000

    m25p,fast-read:
      category: optional
      type: bool
      description: >
        Use the "fast read" opcode to read data from the chip instead
        of the usual "read" opcode. This opcode is not supported by
        all chips and support for it can not be detected at runtime.
        Refer to your chips' datasheet to check if this is supported
        by your chip.

  example:
    dts: |
      flash: m25p80@0 {
          #address-cells = <1>;
          #size-cells = <1>;
          compatible = "spansion,m25p80", "jedec,spi-nor";
          reg = <0>;
          spi-max-frequency = <40000000>;
          m25p,fast-read;
      };
    yaml: |
      m25p80@0: &flash
        "#address-cells": 1
        "#size-cells": 1
        compatible: [ "spansion,m25p80", "jedec,spi-nor" ]
        reg: 0;
        spi-max-frequency: 40000000
        m25p,fast-read: true

Note the constraint rule matches on any compatible string in the given list. This binding inherits from spi-slave as indicated by the line: inherits: *spi-slave

*spi-slave is standard YAML reference notation which points to the spi-slave binding, pasted here for convenience:

%YAML 1.1
---
spi-slave: &spi-slave
  version: 1

  title: SPI Slave Devices

  maintainer:
    name: Mark Brown <[email protected]>

  inherits: *device-compatible

  class: spi-slave
  virtual: true

  description: >
    SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) slave bus devices are children of
    a SPI master bus device.

  # constraint: |+
  #  class_of(parent(n), "spi")

  properties:
    reg:
      category: required
      type: int
      description: chip select address of device

    compatible:
      category: required
      type: strseq
      description: compatible strings

    spi-max-frequency:
      category: required
      type: int
      description: Maximum SPI clocking speed of device in Hz

    spi-cpol:
      category: optional
      type: bool
      description: >
        Boolean property indicating device requires
        inverse clock polarity (CPOL) mode

    spi-cpha:
      category: optional
      type: bool
      description: >
        Boolean property indicating device requires
        shifted clock phase (CPHA) mode

    spi-cs-high:
      category: optional
      type: bool
      description: >
        Boolean property indicating device requires
        chip select active high

    spi-3wire:
      category: optional
      type: bool
      description: >
        Boolean property indicating device requires
        3-wire mode.

    spi-lsb-first:
      category: optional
      type: bool
      description: >
        Boolean property indicating device requires
        LSB first mode.

    spi-tx-bus-width:
      category: optional
      type: int
      constraint: v == 1 || v == 2 || v == 4
      description: >
        The bus width(number of data wires) that
        used for MOSI. Defaults to 1 if not present.

    spi-rx-bus-width:
      category: optional
      type: int
      constraint: v == 1 || v == 2 || v == 4
      description: >
        The bus width(number of data wires) that
        used for MISO. Defaults to 1 if not present.

  notes: >
    Some SPI controllers and devices support Dual and Quad SPI transfer mode.
    It allows data in the SPI system to be transferred in 2 wires(DUAL) or
    4 wires(QUAD).
    Now the value that spi-tx-bus-width and spi-rx-bus-width can receive is
    only 1(SINGLE), 2(DUAL) and 4(QUAD). Dual/Quad mode is not allowed when
    3-wire mode is used.
    If a gpio chipselect is used for the SPI slave the gpio number will be
    passed via the SPI master node cs-gpios property.

  example:
    dts: |
      spi@f00 {
          ethernet-switch@0 {
              compatible = "micrel,ks8995m";
              spi-max-frequency = <1000000>;
              reg = <0>;
          };

          codec@1 {
              compatible = "ti,tlv320aic26";
              spi-max-frequency = <100000>;
              reg = <1>;
          };
      };
    yaml: |
      spi@f00:
        ethernet-switch@0:
          compatible: "micrel,ks8995m"
          spi-max-frequency: 1000000
          reg: 0

        codec@1:
          compatible: "ti,tlv320aic26"
          spi-max-frequency: 100000
          reg: 1

Note the &amp;spi-slave anchor, this is what it is used to refer to other parts of the schema.

The SPI slave binding defines a number of properties that all inherited bindings include. This in turn inherits from device-compatible, which is this:

%YAML 1.1
---
device-compatible: &device-compatible
  title: Contraint for devices with compatible properties
  # select node for checking when the compatible constraint and
  # the device status enable constraint are met.
  selected: [ "compatible", *device-status-enabled ]

  class: constraint
  virtual: true

Note that device-compatible is a binding that all devices defined with the DT schema will inherit from.

The selected property will be used to generate a select test that will be used to to find out whether a node should be checked against a given rule.

The selected rule defines two constraints. The first one is the name of a variable in a derived binding that all its constraints must satisfy; in this case it’s the jedec,spi-nor compatible constraint in the binding above. The selected constraint is a reference to the device-status-enabled constraint defined at:

%YAML 1.1
---
device-enabled:
  title: Contraint for enabled devices

  class: constraint
  virtual: true

  properties:
    status: &device-status-enabled
      category: optional
      type: str
      description: Marks device state as enabled
      constraint: |
        !exists || streq(v, "okay") || streq(v, "ok")

The device-enabled constraint checks where the node is enabled in DT parlance.

Taking those two constraints together, yamldt generates an enable method filter which triggers on an enable device node that matches any of the compatible strings defined in the jedec,spi-nor binding.

The check method will be generated by collecting all the property constraints (category, type and explicit value constraints).

Note how in the above example a variable (v) is used as the current property value. The generated methods will provide it, initialized to the current value to the constraint.

Note that custom, manually written select and check methods are possible but their usage is not recommended for simple types.

Installation

Install libyaml-dev and the standard autoconf/automake generation tools, then compile with the standard ./autogen.sh, ./configure, and make cycle. Note that the bundled validator requires a working eBPF compiler and libelf. Known working clang versions with eBPF support are 4.0 and higher.

For a complete example of a port of a board DTS file to YAML take a look in the port/ directory

Usage

The yamldt options available are:

yamldt [options] <input-file>
 options are:
   -q, --quiet           Suppress; -q (warnings) -qq (errors) -qqq (everything)
   -I, --in-format=X     Input format type X=[auto|yaml|dts]
   -O, --out-format=X    Output format type X=[auto|yaml|dtb|dts|null]
   -o, --out=X           Output file
   -c                    Don't resolve references (object mode)
   -g, --codegen         Code generator configuration file
       --schema          Use schema (all yaml files in dir/)
       --save-temps      Save temporary files
       --schema-save     Save schema to given file
       --color           [auto|off|on]
       --debug           Debug messages
   -h, --help            Help
   -v, --version         Display version

   DTB specific options

   -V, --out-version=X   DTB blob version to produce (only 17 supported)
   -C, --compatible      Bit-exact DTC compatibility mode
   -@, --symbols         Generate symbols node
   -A, --auto-alias      Generate aliases for all labels
   -R, --reserve=X       Make space for X reserve map entries
   -S, --space=X         Make the DTB blob at least X bytes long
   -a, --align=X         Make the DTB blob align to X bytes
   -p, --pad=X           Pad the DTB blob with X bytes
   -H, --phandle=X       Set phandle format [legacy|epapr|both]
   -W, --warning=X       Enable/disable warning (NOP)
   -E, --error=X         Enable/disable error (NOP)
   -b, --boot-cpu=X      Force boot cpuid to X

-q/--quiet suppresses message output.

The -I/--in-format option selects the input format type. By default it is set to auto which is capable of selecting based on file extension and input format source patterns.

The -O/--out-format option selects the output format type. By default it is set to auto which uses the output file extension.

-o/--out sets the output file.

The -c option causes unresolved references to remain in the output file resuling in an object file. If the output format is set to DTB/DTS it will generate an overlay, if set to yaml it results in a YAML file which can be subsequently recompiled as an intermediate object file.

The -g/--codegen option will use the given YAML file(s) (or dir/ as in the schema option) as input for the code generator.

The --schema option will use the given file(s) as input for the checker. As an extension, if given a directory name with a terminating slash (i.e. dir/) it will recursively collect and use all YAML files within.

The --save-temps option will save all intermediate files/blobs.

--schema-save will save the processed schema and codegen file including all compiled validation filters. Using it speeds validation of multiple files since it can be used as an input via the –schema option.

--color controls color output in the terminal, while --debug enables the generation of a considerable amount of debugging messages.

The following DTB specific options are supported:

-V/--out-version selects the DTB blob version; currently only version 17 is supported.

The -C/--compatible option generates a bit-exact DTB file as the DTC compiler.

The -@/--symbols and -A/--auto-alias options generate a symbols and alias entries for all the defined labels in the source files.

The -R/--reserve, -S/--space, -a/--align and -p/--pad options work the same way as in DTC. -R add reserve memreserve entries, -S adds extra space, -a aligns and -p pads extra space end of the DTB blob.

The -H/--phandle option selects either legacy/epapr or both phandle styles.

The -W/--warning and -E/--error options are there for command line compatibility with dtc and are ignored.

Finally -d/--boot-cpu forces the boot cpuid.

Automatic suffix detection does what you expect, i.e. an output file ending in .dtb if selecting the DTB generation option, .yaml if selecting the yaml generation option, and so on.

Given a source file in YAML foo.yaml, you generate a DTB file with:

# foo.yaml
foo: &foo
  bar: true
  baz:
   - 12
   - 8
   - *foo
  frob: [ "hello", "there" ]

To process it with yamldt:

$ yamldt -o foo.dtb foo.yaml
$ ls -l foo.dtb
-rw-rw-r-- 1 panto panto 153 Jul 27 18:50 foo.dtb
$ fdtdump foo.dtb
/dts-v1/;
// magic:       0xd00dfeed
// totalsize:       0xe1 (225)
// off_dt_struct:   0x38
// off_dt_strings:  0xc8
// off_mem_rsvmap:  0x28
// version:     17
// last_comp_version:   16
// boot_cpuid_phys: 0x0
// size_dt_strings: 0x19
// size_dt_struct:  0x90

/ {
    foo {
        bar;
        baz = <0x0000000c 0x00000008 0x00000001>;
        frob = "hello", "there";
        phandle = <0x00000001>;
    };
    __symbols__ {
        foo = "/foo";
    };
};

dts2yaml

dts2yaml is an automatic DTS to YAML conversion tool, that works on standard DTS files which use the preprocessor. It is capable of detecting macro usage and advanced DTS concepts, like property/node deletes, etc. Conversion is accurate as long as the source file still looks like DTS source (i.e. it is not using extremely complex macros).

dts2yaml [options] [input-file]
 options are:
   -o, --output        Output file
   -t, --tabs       Set tab size (default 8)
   -s, --shift      Shift when outputing YAML (default 2)
   -l, --leading    Leading space for output
   -d, --debug      Enable debug messages
       --silent        Be really silent
       --color         [auto|off|on]
   -r, --recursive     Generate DTS/DTSI included files
   -h, --help       Help
       --color         [auto|off|on]

All the input files will be converted to yaml format. If no output option is given, the output will be named according to the input filename. So foo.dts will yield foo.yaml and foo.dtsi will yield foo.yamli.

The recursive option converts all included files that have a dts/dtsi extension as well.

Test suite

To run the test-suite you will need a relatively recent DTC compiler, YAML patches are no longer required.

The test-suite first converts all the DTS files in the Linux kernel for all architectures to YAML format using dts2yaml. Afterwards, it compiles the YAML files with yamldt and the DTS files with dtc. The resulting dtb files are bit-exact because the -C option is used.

Run make check to run the test suite.
Run make validate to run the test suite and perform schema validation checks. It is recommended to use the --keep-going flag to continue checking even in the presence of validation errors.

Currently out of 1379 DTS files, only 6 fail conversion:

exynos3250-monk exynos4412-trats2 exynos3250-rinato exynos5433-tm2
exynos5433-tm2e

All 6 use a complex pin mux macro declaration that it is not possible to automatically convert.

Workflow

It is expected that the first thing a user of yamldt would want to do is to convert an existing DTS configuration to YAML.

The following example uses the beaglebone black and the am335x-boneblack.dts source as located in the port/ directory.

Compile the original DTS source with DTC

$  cc -E  -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input 
    -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ am335x-boneblack.dts 
    | dtc -@ -q -I dts -O dtb - -o am335x-boneblack.dtc.dtb

Use dts2yaml to convert to yaml

$ dts2yaml -r am335x-boneblack.dts
$ ls *.yaml*
am335x-boneblack-common.yamli  am335x-bone-common.yamli  am33xx-clocks.yamli
am33xx.yamli  tps65217.yamli

Note the recursive option automatically generates the dependent include files.

$ cc -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input 
    -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ am335x-boneblack.yaml | 
    ../../yamldt -C -@ - -o am335x-boneblack.dtb 

$ ls -l *.dtb
-rw-rw-r-- 1 panto panto 50045 Jul 27 19:10 am335x-boneblack.dtb
-rw-rw-r-- 1 panto panto 50045 Jul 27 19:07 am335x-boneblack.dtc.dtb
$ md5sum *.dtb
3bcf838dc9c32c196f66870b7e6dfe81  am335x-boneblack.dtb
3bcf838dc9c32c196f66870b7e6dfe81  am335x-boneblack.dtc.dtb

Compiling without the -C option results in a file with the same functionality, but it is slightly smaller due to better string table optimization.

$ yamldt am335x-boneblack.dtc.yaml -o am335x-boneblack.dtb
$ ls -l *.dtb
-rw-rw-r-- 1 panto panto 50003 Jul 27 19:12 am335x-boneblack.dtb
-rw-rw-r-- 1 panto panto 50045 Jul 27 19:07 am335x-boneblack.dtc.dtb

Note that the CPP command line is the same, so no changes to header files are required. dts2yaml will detect macro usage and convert from the space delimited form that DTC uses to the comma delimted form used by YAML.

yamldt as a DTC compiler

yamldt supports all dtc options, so using it as a dtc replacement is straightforward.

Using it for compiling the Linux Kernel DTS files is as simple as:

$ make DTC=yamldt dtbs

Note that by default the compatibility option (-C) is not used, so if you need to be bit-compatible with DTC pass the -C flag as follows:

$ make DTC=yamldt DTC_FLAGS="-C"

Generally, yamldt is a little bit faster than dtc and generates somewhat smaller DTB files (if not using the -C option). However, due to internally tracking all parsed tokens and their locations in files, it is capable of generating accurate error messages that are parseable by text editors for automatic movement to the error.

For example, with this file containing an error:

/* duplicate label */
/dts-v1/;
/ {
    a: foo { foo; };
    a: bar { bar; };
};

yamldt will generate the following error:

$ yamldt -I dts -o dts -C duplabel.dts
duplabel.dts:8:2: error: duplicate label a at "/bar"
  a: bar {
  ^
duplabel.dts:4:2: error: duplicate label a is defined also at "/foo"
  a: foo {
  ^

while dtc will generate:

$ yamldt -I dts -o dts -C duplabel.dts
dts: ERROR (duplicate_label): Duplicate label 'a' on /bar and /foo
ERROR: Input tree has errors, aborting (use -f to force output)

Known features of DTC that are not available are:

  • Only version 17 DT blobs are supported. Passing a -V argument requesting a different one will result in error.
  • Assembly output is not supported.
  • Assembly and filesystem inputs are not supported.
  • The warning and error options are accepted, but they don’t do anything. yamldt uses a validation schema for application specific errors and warnings so those options are superfluous.

Notes on DTS to DTS conversion

The conversion from DTS is straight forward:

For example:

/* foo.dts */
/ {
    foo = "bar";
    #cells = <2>;
    phandle-ref = <&ref 1>;
    ref: refnode { baz; };
};

# foo.yaml
foo: "bar"
"#cells": 2
phandle-ref: [ *ref 1 ]
refnode: &ref
  baz: true

Major differences between DTS & YAML:

  • YAML is using # as a comment marker, therefore properties with a # prefix get converted to explicit string literals:
#cells = <0>;

to YAML

"#cells": 0
  • YAML is indentation sensitive, but it is a JSON superset. Therefore the following are equivalent:
foo: [ 1, 2 ]

foo:
 - 1
 - 2
  • The labels in DTS are defined and used as:
foo: node { baz; };
bar = <&foo>;

In YAML the equivalent methods are called anchors and are defined as follows:

node: &foo
  baz: true
bar: *foo
  • Explicit tags in YAML are using !, so the following:
mac = [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 ];

is used like this in YAML:

mac: !int8 [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]
  • DTS uses spaces to seperate array elements, YAML uses either indentation or commas in JSON form. Note that yamldt is smart enough to detect the DTS form and automatically convert in most cases:
pinmux = <0x00 0x01>;

In YAML:

pinmux:
  - 0x00
  - 0x01

or:

pinmux: [ 0x00, 0x01 ]
  • Path references () automatically are converted to pseudo YAML anchors (of the form yaml_pseudo__n__):
/ {
    foo { bar; };
};
ref = <&/foo>;

In YAML:

foo: &yaml_pseudo__0__
ref: *foo
  • Integer expression evaluation, similar in manner to that which the CPP preprocessor performs, is available. This is required in order for macros to work. For example, given the following two files:
/* add.h */
#define ADD(x, y) ((x) + (y))

# macro-use.yaml

#include "add.h"

result: ADD(10, 12)

The output after the cpp preprocessor pass:

result: ((10) + (12))

Parsing with yamldt to DTB will generate a property:

result = <22>;

Validation example

For this example we’re going to use port/am335x-boneblack-dev/. An extra rule-check.yaml file has been added where validation tests can be performed.

That file contains a single jedec,spi-nor device:

*spi0:
  m25p80@0:
    compatible: "s25fl256s1"
    spi-max-frequency: 76800000
    reg: 0
    spi-tx-bus-width: 1
    spi-rx-bus-width: 4
    "#address-cells": 1
    "#size-cells": 1

This is a valid device node, so running validate produces the following:

$ make validate
cc -E -MT am33xx.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF am33xx.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ am33xx.yaml >am33xx.cpp.yaml
cc -E -MT am33xx-clocks.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF am33xx-clocks.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ am33xx-clocks.yaml >am33xx-clocks.cpp.yaml
cc -E -MT am335x-bone-common.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF am335x-bone-common.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ am335x-bone-common.yaml >am335x-bone-common.cpp.yaml
cc -E -MT am335x-boneblack-common.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF am335x-boneblack-common.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ am335x-boneblack-common.yaml >am335x-boneblack-common.cpp.yaml
cc -E -MT am335x-boneblack.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF am335x-boneblack.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ am335x-boneblack.yaml >am335x-boneblack.cpp.yaml
cc -E -MT rule-check.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF rule-check.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ rule-check.yaml >rule-check.cpp.yaml
../../yamldt  -g ../../validate/schema/codegen.yaml -S ../../validate/bindings/ -y am33xx.cpp.yaml am33xx-clocks.cpp.yaml am335x-bone-common.cpp.yaml am335x-boneblack-common.cpp.yaml am335x-boneblack.cpp.yaml rule-check.cpp.yaml -o am335x-boneblack-rules.pure.yaml
jedec,spi-nor: /ocp/spi@48030000/m25p80@0 OK

Note the last line. It means the node was checked and was found OK.

Editing the rule-check.yaml file, let’s introduce a couple of errors. The following output is generated by commenting out the reg property # reg: 0:

$ make validate
cc -E -MT rule-check.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF rule-check.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ rule-check.yaml &gt;rule-check.cpp.yaml
../../yamldt  -g ../../validate/schema/codegen.yaml -S ../../validate/bindings/ -y am33xx.cpp.yaml am33xx-clocks.cpp.yaml am335x-bone-common.cpp.yaml am335x-boneblack-common.cpp.yaml am335x-boneblack.cpp.yaml rule-check.cpp.yaml -o am335x-boneblack-rules.pure.yaml
jedec,spi-nor: /ocp/spi@48030000/m25p80@0 FAIL (-2004)
../../validate/bindings/jedec,spi-nor.yaml:15:5: error: missing property: property was defined at /jedec,spi-nor/properties/reg
     reg:
     ^~~~

Note the descriptive error and the pointer to the missing property in the schema.

Making another error, assign a string to the reg property reg: "string":

$ make validate
$ make validate
cc -E -MT rule-check.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF rule-check.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ rule-check.yaml &gt;rule-check.cpp.yaml
../../yamldt  -g ../../validate/schema/codegen.yaml -S ../../validate/bindings/ -y am33xx.cpp.yaml am33xx-clocks.cpp.yaml am335x-bone-common.cpp.yaml am335x-boneblack-common.cpp.yaml am335x-boneblack.cpp.yaml rule-check.cpp.yaml -o am335x-boneblack-rules.pure.yaml
jedec,spi-nor: /ocp/spi@48030000/m25p80@0 FAIL (-3004)
rule-check.yaml:8:10: error: bad property type
     reg: "string"
          ^~~~~~~~
../../validate/bindings/jedec,spi-nor.yaml:15:5: error: property was defined at /jedec,spi-nor/properties/reg
     reg:
     ^~~~

Note the message about the type error, and the pointer to the location where the reg property was defined.

Finally, let’s make an error that violates a constraint.

Change the spi-tx-bus-width value to 3:

$ make validate
cc -E -MT rule-check.cpp.yaml -MMD -MP -MF rule-check.o.Yd -I ./ -I ../../port -I ../../include -I ../../include/dt-bindings/input -nostdinc -undef -x assembler-with-cpp -D__DTS__ -D__YAML__ rule-check.yaml &gt;rule-check.cpp.yaml
../../yamldt  -g ../../validate/schema/codegen.yaml -S ../../validate/bindings/ -y am33xx.cpp.yaml am33xx-clocks.cpp.yaml am335x-bone-common.cpp.yaml am335x-boneblack-common.cpp.yaml am335x-boneblack.cpp.yaml rule-check.cpp.yaml -o am335x-boneblack-rules.pure.yaml
jedec,spi-nor: /ocp/spi@48030000/m25p80@0 FAIL (-1018)
rule-check.yaml:9:23: error: constraint rule failed
     spi-tx-bus-width: 3
                       ^
../../validate/bindings/spi/spi-slave.yaml:77:19: error: constraint that fails was defined here
       constraint: v == 1 || v == 2 || v == 4
                   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
../../validate/bindings/spi/spi-slave.yaml:74:5: error: property was defined at /spi-slave/properties/spi-tx-bus-width
     spi-tx-bus-width:

Note how the offending value is highlighted. The offending constraint and property definition are aslo listed.

Tag Archive for: device tree